# later

Schedule an R function or formula to run after a specified period of
time. Similar to JavaScript’s `setTimeout` function. Like JavaScript, R
is single-threaded so there’s no guarantee that the operation will run
exactly at the requested time, only that at least that much time will
elapse.

To avoid bugs due to reentrancy, by default, scheduled operations only
run when there is no other R code present on the execution stack; i.e.,
when R is sitting at the top-level prompt. You can force past-due
operations to run at a time of your choosing by calling
[`later::run_now()`](https://later.r-lib.org/reference/run_now.md).

The mechanism used by this package is inspired by Simon Urbanek’s
[background](https://github.com/s-u/background) package and similar code
in Rhttpd.

## Installation

You can install the development version of later with:

``` r
pak::pak("r-lib/later")
```

## Usage from R

Pass a function (in this case, delayed by 5 seconds):

``` r
later::later(\() print("Got here!"), 5)
```

Or a formula (in this case, run as soon as control returns to the
top-level):

``` r
later::later(~print("Got here!"))
```

### File Descriptor Readiness

It is also possible to have a function run based on when file
descriptors are ready for reading or writing, at some indeterminate time
in the future.

Below, a logical vector is printed indicating which of file descriptors
21 or 22 were ready, subject to a timeout of 1s.

``` r
later::later_fd(\(x) print(x), c(21L, 22L), timeout = 1)
```

This is useful in particular for asynchronous I/O, allowing reads to be
made from TCP sockets as soon as data becomes available. Functions such
as
[`curl::multi_fdset()`](https://jeroen.r-universe.dev/curl/reference/multi.html)
return the relevant file descriptors to be monitored.

## Usage from C++

You can also call
[`later::later`](https://later.r-lib.org/reference/later.md) from C++
code in your own packages, to cause your own C-style functions to be
called back. This is safe to call from either the main R thread or a
different thread; in both cases, your callback will be invoked from the
main R thread.

[`later::later`](https://later.r-lib.org/reference/later.md) is
accessible from `later_api.h` and its prototype looks like this:

``` cpp
void later(void (*func)(void*), void* data, double secs)
```

The first argument is a pointer to a function that takes one `void*`
argument and returns void. The second argument is a `void*` that will be
passed to the function when it’s called back. And the third argument is
the number of seconds to wait (at a minimum) before invoking.

[`later::later_fd`](https://later.r-lib.org/reference/later_fd.md) is
also accessible from `later_api.h` and its prototype looks like this:

``` cpp
void later_fd(void (*func)(int *, void *), void *data, int num_fds, struct pollfd *fds, double secs)
```

The first argument is a pointer to a function that takes two arguments:
the first being an `int*` array provided by
[`later_fd()`](https://later.r-lib.org/reference/later_fd.md) when
called back, and the second being a `void*`. The `int*` array will be
the length of `num_fds` and contain the values `0`, `1` or `NA_INTEGER`
to indicate the readiness of each file descriptor, or an error condition
respectively. The second argument `data` is passed to the `void*`
argument of the function when it’s called back. The other required
arguments are the total number of file descriptors, a pointer to an
array of `stuct pollfd`, and the number of seconds to wait until timing
out.

To use the C++ interface, you’ll need to add `later` to your
`DESCRIPTION` file under both `LinkingTo` and `Imports`, and also make
sure that your `NAMESPACE` file has an `import(later)` entry.

### Background tasks

Finally, this package also offers a higher-level C++ helper class to
make it easier to execute tasks on a background thread. It is also
available from `later_api.h` and its public/protected interface looks
like this:

``` cpp
class BackgroundTask {

public:
  BackgroundTask();
  virtual ~BackgroundTask();

  // Start executing the task
  void begin();

protected:
  // The task to be executed on the background thread.
  // Neither the R runtime nor any R data structures may be
  // touched from the background thread; any values that need
  // to be passed into or out of the Execute method must be
  // included as fields on the Task subclass object.
  virtual void execute() = 0;

  // A short task that runs on the main R thread after the
  // background task has completed. It's safe to access the
  // R runtime and R data structures from here.
  virtual void complete() = 0;
}
```

Create your own subclass, implementing a custom constructor plus the
`execute` and `complete` methods.

It’s critical that the code in your `execute` method not mutate any R
data structures, call any R code, or cause any R allocations, as it will
execute in a background thread where such operations are unsafe. You
can, however, perform such operations in the constructor (assuming you
perform construction only from the main R thread) and `complete` method.
Pass values between the constructor and methods using fields.

``` rcpp
#include <Rcpp.h>
#include <later_api.h>

class MyTask : public later::BackgroundTask {
public:
  MyTask(Rcpp::NumericVector vec) :
    inputVals(Rcpp::as<std::vector<double> >(vec)) {
  }

protected:
  void execute() {
    double sum = 0;
    for (std::vector<double>::const_iterator it = inputVals.begin();
      it != inputVals.end();
      it++) {

      sum += *it;
    }
    result = sum / inputVals.size();
  }

  void complete() {
    Rprintf("Result is %f\n", result);
  }

private:
  std::vector<double> inputVals;
  double result;
};
```

To run the task, `new` up your subclass and call `begin()`,
e.g. `(new MyTask(vec))->begin()`. There’s no need to keep track of the
pointer; the task object will delete itself when the task is complete.

``` r
// [[Rcpp::export]]
void asyncMean(Rcpp::NumericVector data) {
  (new MyTask(data))->begin();
}
```

It’s not very useful to execute tasks on background threads if you can’t
get access to the results back in R. The
[promises](https://github.com/rstudio/promises) package complements
later by providing a “promise” abstraction.

# Package index

## All functions

- [`create_loop()`](https://later.r-lib.org/reference/create_loop.md)
  [`destroy_loop()`](https://later.r-lib.org/reference/create_loop.md)
  [`exists_loop()`](https://later.r-lib.org/reference/create_loop.md)
  [`current_loop()`](https://later.r-lib.org/reference/create_loop.md)
  [`with_temp_loop()`](https://later.r-lib.org/reference/create_loop.md)
  [`with_loop()`](https://later.r-lib.org/reference/create_loop.md)
  [`global_loop()`](https://later.r-lib.org/reference/create_loop.md) :
  Private event loops
- [`later()`](https://later.r-lib.org/reference/later.md) : Executes a
  function later
- [`later_fd()`](https://later.r-lib.org/reference/later_fd.md) :
  Executes a function when a file descriptor is ready
- [`next_op_secs()`](https://later.r-lib.org/reference/next_op_secs.md)
  : Relative time to next scheduled operation
- [`run_now()`](https://later.r-lib.org/reference/run_now.md) : Execute
  scheduled operations

# Articles

### All vignettes

- [Using later from C++](https://later.r-lib.org/articles/later-cpp.md):